ESBL-producing Atlantibacter hermannii harboring a plasmid encoding IS26 up and down stream of blaCTX-M-27 ,blaLAP-2, and qnrS1 isolated from an edible river Anabas testudineus fish.

Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Atlantibacter hermannii was isolated from an edible river fish, Anabas testudineus, which was sold in a market located in Vietnam. The genome sequence was obtained by using next-generation sequencing, which involved Oxford Nanopore and Illumina technologies. The 92 kb plasmid encodes the gene blaCTX-M-27.

Detection of chromosome-mediated blaNDM-1-carrying Aeromonas spp. in the intestinal contents of fresh water river fish in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a global problem that should be addressed through the perspective of the "one health" concept. The purpose of this study was to determine the contamination rate of antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas spp. in fresh water river fish purchased from a fish market in Vietnam. We then defined the pattern of antibiotic resistance to assess antibiotic-resistant contamination. Antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas spp. were detected in the intestinal contents of 32 of 80 fish. blaNDM-1 was detected in seven strains. Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase and AmpC ß-lactamase-related genes were detected in 28 strains, including blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-1, and blaDHA,blaFOX, and blaMOX. The blaNDM-1 detected in the seven Aeromonas spp. strains were found chromosomally. This finding suggests that the blaNDM gene is stable in the natural environment and may spread widely into animals and humans via Aeromonas spp. with a transposon. Our results suggest the importance of continuing to monitor carbapenemase genes in Aeromonas spp. to evaluate the possibility that they may spread in other Enterobacterales, and to elucidate the mechanism of spread.

IncHI2 Plasmid Encoding blaCTX-M-55 and mcr-1.1 in Salmonella enterica SE20-C72-2 and Escherichia coli EC20-C72-1 Isolates from the Edible River Fish Anabas testudineus.

Salmonella enterica SE20-C72-2 and Escherichia coli EC20-C72-1 were isolated from the edible fish Anabas testudineus in Vietnam. The chromosomes and plasmids from both strains were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing. Plasmids approximately 250 kbp long, encoding blaCTX-M-55 and mcr-1.1, were detected in both strains.

Carbapenem-Resistant Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli Harboring a Common IncC-Type Plasmid Encoding IS26 Upstream of blaNDM-1, sul1, aph(3')-VI, and qacE Isolated from Edible Mastacembelidae Fish.

Carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter freundii CF20-4P-1 and Escherichia coli EC20-4B-2 were isolated from edible Mastacembelidae in Vietnam. We present the draft genome sequences, and the complete plasmid genome sequencing was also performed by hybrid assembly sequencing of Oxford Nanopore and Illumina. The 137-kbp plasmid encoding the assembled blaNDM-1 was detected in both strains.

Frequent contamination of edible freshwater fish with colistin-resistant Escherichia coli harbouring the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene.

The threat of antimicrobial resistance is increasing. Microbial food contamination poses a serious public health risk; however, there are only a few studies on the prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli (COL-E) contamination in freshwater fish. This study aimed to characterise the antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of COL-E in freshwater fish in Vietnam. In total, 103 fish were collected and 63 COL-E were isolated. COL-E was investigated by genotyping mcr and AmpC/extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-related genes. The results show that COL-E and AmpC/ESBL-producing COL-E were confirmed in 24.3 % and 14.6 % of the fish, respectively. Multiplex PCR for mcr-1-9 showed that all 63 COL-E harboured mcr-1, while mcr-3 was detected in 7.9 % of COL-E. The minimum inhibitory concentration of colistin ranged from 2 to 256 µg/mL. Meanwhile, antibiotic susceptibility results show that all COL-E were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol.

Abundance of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli harbouring mcr-1 and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing E. coli co-harbouring blaCTX-M-55 or -65 with blaTEM isolates from chicken meat in Vietnam.

Although the spread of plasmid-mediated antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a public health concern, food contamination with plasmid-mediated antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in Vietnam has not been well investigated. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of colistin-resistant, carbapenem-resistant, and endemic blaCTX-M in extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli isolates. Colistin and carbapenem-resistant ESBL-producing E. coli were isolated from chickens in Vietnam and Japan. Colistin-resistant and AmpC/ESBL-producing E. coli (52% and 93%, respectively) were detected in chickens from Vietnam, in comparison to 52.7%, AmpC/ESBL-producing E. coli found in chicken from Japan. Carbapenem-resistant E. coli has not been isolated in Vietnam and Japan. Genotyping revealed that colistin-resistant E. coli harboured mcr-1, and most of the AmpC/ESBL-related genes were blaCTX-M-55 and blaCTX-M-65 together with blaTEM in Vietnamese chickens and blaCMY-2 in Japanese chickens. Multi-drug resistance analysis showed that ESBL-producing E. coli isolates had greater resistance to quinolones, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol than colistin-resistant E. coli isolates from Vietnam, suggesting the selection of multiple antibiotic resistance genes in ESBL-producing E. coli. In conclusion, colistin-resistant E. coli was detected in approximately half of the chicken samples, the majority of which harboured mcr-1. The high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli has remained constant in the last 5 years. The predominant blaCTX-M in ESBL-producing E. coli was blaCTX-M-55 or blaCTX-M-65, with the coexistence of blaTEM in Vietnam. These results can be implemented in monitoring systems to overcome the development of antimicrobial resistance.

Assessment of radioactivity and chemical contaminants in domestic water at supply stations in Long Phu District, Vietnam, to prevent public health risks.

This paper presents information on the concentration of radioactivity and chemicals at 12 water stations that used groundwater as their raw water supply source. The groundwater's radioactivity was higher than the treated, tap, and surface water, but lower than the national and international recommendations. At five stations (41.7%), the gross alpha contents were higher than the levels advised by Vietnam's regulations, but met the WHO and IAEA's recommendations. The mean activity (Bq L-1) gross alpha, gross beta, Ra-224, Ra-226, and Ra-228 were 0.093 ± 0.012, 0.221 ± 0.020, 0.031 ± 0.004, 0.028 ± 0.004, and 0.035 ± 0.001, respectively. The contribution of Ra-226 to the gross alpha was in a range of 23%-60% (r = 0.91, p value <0.001), and the ratio of Ra-226/Ra-228 ranged from 0.49-1.06. For the treated and tap water, each age groups' annual committed effective dose was lower than the international regulations. The concentration of the total dissolved solids, sulfate, chloride, sodium, barium, and manganese met the national regulations. However, during the rainy season, the surface water in the area was affected by saltwater intrusion, with salinity up to 4.1‰. Discriminant analysis was applied to study the differences among the water groups. As a result, the treated and tap water were separated from the others.

Antibiotic Residues in Chickens and Farmers' Knowledge of Their Use in Tay Ninh Province, Vietnam, in 2017.

Antibiotic residues in chicken meat samples is a serious public health concern due to their harmful effects on consumers' health. We conducted this research in 2017 to determine antibiotic residues in chicken meat samples and to describe the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of farmers on the antibiotic uses in poultry farms at Tay Ninh province. Farmers who raised chickens at their farmhouses were surveyed using a KAP survey questionnaire, and 106 chicken meat samples were analyzed for 29 kinds of antibiotic residues. The results showed that 27.4% samples were positive with 11 kinds of 4 antibiotic groups: fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and macrolides. A total of 50.9% farmers needed to improve their knowledge on the appropriate use of antibiotics. Although 54.7% famers had positive attitude, just 17% had good practices. It was recommended that the levels of antibiotic residues in chickens should be communicated to food safety and veterinary authorities, chicken farmers, and the general public. Enhancing the training and coaching for each group of farmers to improve their knowledge and practices on the appropriate use of antibiotics in raising chickens is needed. Local government should enhance the level of control and punishment for drug sellers and end users regarding the use of banned antibiotics in chickens.

Association between Opisthorchis viverrini and Leptospira spp. infection in endemic Northeast Thailand.

Opisthorchiasis caused by Opisthorchis viverrini is an important foodborne trematodiasis in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. Interestingly, the opisthorchiasis endemic region overlaps with an area of leptospirosis emergence. Here we report an association between opisthorchiasis and leptospirosis in Thailand. Of 280 sera collected from villagers living around the Lawa wetland complex in Khon Kaen province, 199 (71%) were seropositive for leptospirosis by immunochromatography. Individuals with O. viverrini infection had a significantly higher rate of leptospirosis than those without (P=0.001). Significant higher leptospirosis prevalence was found in males than females (P=0.002). However, females but not males with O. viverrini infection showed a significantly higher seroprevalence of leptospirosis. Twenty-one of 35 environmental samples from the lake (water, mud and fish skin mucus) were positive for Leptospira spp. DNA sequencing, sequence alignment, and phylogenetic analysis of some positive nested PCR products revealed both pathogenic and intermediate pathogenic strains of Leptospira in the samples. Strikingly, O. viverrini metacercariae from the fish were positive for L. interrogans. These results suggest a close association between opisthorchiasis and leptospirosis. Contact with water, mud or eating raw fish harboring liver fluke metacercariae may be risk factors for Leptospira infection.